August 15, 2008 at 2:57 am
· Filed under soft skills
Writing Skills Writing Skills as soft skills are essential in many careers. The following article briefly summarizes the writing skills and how to convert these skills into some earning.
The significance of writing skills is emphasized far and wide over and over again. Writing skills are called mandatory, indispensable, crucial and drastic ability, a ticket to the thriving future of the person.
The overwhelming majority of instructors and employers which were surveyed recently stressed that writing skills are critical both for academic and career success. The survey carried by Lin Grensing revealed that 79 percent of respondent executives cited writing as one of the most neglected skills in the business world, yet one of the most important to productivity. They also admitted that approximately 80 percent of their employees at all levels need to improve their writing skills.
To master good writing skills means not only to become well-educated and competent person, but as well taps you into the wealth of lucrative opportunities. It exactly means that you can turn your gift of eloquence into sideline and perhaps steady income. The money earned from writing can become a good support for you, so you can spend them on different insignificant trinkets, which will significantly reduce your general outcome.
Practically anyone can make fortune writing and selling simple information. The only question is how to market your skills for profit-making results. The best advice for those who are willing to earn extra money and have the ability to express their ideas coherently is turning their writing skills into regular decent income and enjoining the independence and freedom everyone can earn in addition to the tidy sums of money.
Here are some easy-to-follow techniques and tested principles, which will reveal you how to make money from writing immediately and on regular basis. So let’s single out top 7 winning principles of how to make money from writing.
P1. Become a freelance writer. Perhaps someone thinks that making money from freelance writing is a lottery and he’ll never enter the game without having a famous name. Indeed when you take the risks of freelance writing you don’t jeopardy really. If it is your subsidiary income you can afford yourself to try making some extra money. First, you work at home and spend very little time to get started. In any case you can indemnify yourself from the unrequited labor by specifying all the details with the client preliminary, checking up the reliability of the company or client you are dealing with or solicit for the prepaid part of compensation for your work.
P2. Figure out the markets that pay and might be interesting in something you are willing and able to write. Always remember that whether you have yen writing about evolution and reproduction of mollusks or about data communications there is an audience hungry for your articles. Thus, the best thing the newcomers can do is to search for the topics which enjoy the popularity of the audience. Hence, you should try to swim with the current and write the articles which are in demand.
P3. You can start selling your services through the service agency, so that to leave your resume and wait for the call. Large and even small companies often apply to such agencies looking for the writers. It can be a good chance for you to start and develop a circle of potential clients.
P4. When you build up a vast network of clients, you can cut out the agencies and offer your services to the clients before the agencies do.
P5. You can query the editors and offer them an interesting article idea you think you can write for them. Also you can suggest the editors articles which you have already written and which are related to the subject-matter of their journal, magazine or bulletin, so that to have a chance that your article will be published. Compose press-releases, short stories or reviews and submit them to the targeted publications.
P6. You can write postcards both humor and verse for sure if you feel you can do it and suggest them for card publishers. One more winning and quick strategy is slogan writing. It takes minimum time, but brings good awards. So you can offer your slogans to the advertising agencies and become their permanent slogan writer in case if your slogans really work.
P7. Writing and selling jokes is not only money making, but pleasant and fun strategy of earning extra cash. You can compose short comedy material, radio comedy sketches and scripts for comedians, radio or TV.
With these tested principles you will make big dividends from your part-time writing. As well as making money you’ll be having fun, socializing, meeting new people and boosting your self-confidence and self-esteem. And if you wish, you’ll be well on your way to a full-time career as a well-paid freelance writer.
Fields of Study
The following is the huge list of fields of study. How many of these studies did you know before? We assume you do not have problem in pronunciation of them.
AGRONOMICS: Study of productivity of land AGROSTOLOGY: science or Study of grasses ALETHIOLOGY: Study of truth ALGEDONICS: science of pleasure and pain ALGOLOGY: Study of algae ANAESTHESIOLOGY: Study of anaesthetics ANAGLYPTICS: art of carving in bas-relief ANAGRAPHY: art of constructing catalogues ANDRAGOGY: science of teaching adults ANEMOLOGY: Study of winds ANGELOLOGY: Study of angels ANGIOLOGY: Study of blood flow and lymphatic system ANTHROPOBIOLOGY: Study of human biology ANTHROPOLOGY: Study of human cultures APHNOLOGY: science of wealth APIOLOGY: Study of bees ARACHNOLOGY: Study of spiders ARCHAEOLOGY: Study of human material remains ARCHELOGY: the Study of first principles ARCHOLOGY: science of the origins of government ARCTOPHILY: Study of teddy bears AREOLOGY: Study of Mars ARETAICS: the science of virtue ARISTOLOGY: the science or art of dining ARTHROLOGY: Study of joints ASTACOLOGY: the science of crayfish ASTHENIOLOGY: Study of diseases of weakening and aging ASTROGEOLOGY: Study of extraterrestrial geology ASTROLOGY: Study of influence of stars on people ASTROMETEOROLOGY: Study of effect of stars on climate ASTRONOMY: Study of celestial bodies ASTROPHYSICS: Study of behaviour of interstellar matter ASTROSEISMOLOGY: Study of star oscillations ATMOLOGY: the science of aqueous vapour AUDIOLOGY: Study of hearing AUTECOLOGY: Study of ecology of one species AUTOLOGY: scientific Study of oneself AUXOLOGY: science of growth AVIONICS: the science of electronic devices for aircraft AXIOLOGY: the science of the ultimate nature of values BACTERIOLOGY: Study of bacteria BALNEOLOGY: the science of the therapeutic use of baths BARODYNAMICS: science of the support and mechanics of bridges BAROLOGY: Study of gravitation BATOLOGY: the Study of brambles BIBLIOLOGY: Study of books BIBLIOTICS: Study of documents to determine authenticity BIOECOLOGY: Study of interaction of life in the environment BIOLOGY: Study of life BIOMETRICS: Study of biological measurement BIONOMICS: Study of organisms interacting in their environments BOTANY: Study of plants BROMATOLOGY: Study of food BRONTOLOGY: scientific Study of thunder BRYOLOGY: the Study of mosses and liverworts CACOGENICS: Study of racial degeneration CALIOLOGY: Study of bird’s nests CALORIFICS: Study of heat CAMBISTRY: science of international exchange CAMPANOLOGY: the art of bell ringing CARCINOLOGY: Study of crabs and other crustaceans CARDIOLOGY: Study of the heart CARICOLOGY: Study of sedges CARPOLOGY: Study of fruit CARTOPHILY: the hobby of collecting cigarette cards castramentation the art of designing a camp CATACOUSTICS: science of echoes or reflected sounds CATALACTICS: science of commercial exchange CATECHECTICS: the art of teaching by question and answer CETOLOGY: Study of whales and dolphins CHALCOGRAPHY: the art of engraving on copper or brass CHALCOTRIPTICS: art of taking rubbings from ornamental brasses CHAOLOGY: the Study of chaos or chaos theory CHARACTEROLOGY: Study of development of character CHEMISTRY: Study of properties of substances CHIROCOSMETICS: beautifying the hands; art of manicure CHIROGRAPHY: Study of handwriting or penmanship CHIROLOGY: Study of the hands CHIROPODY: medical science of feet CHOROLOGY: science of the geographic description of anything CHREMATISTICS: the Study of wealth; political economy CHRONOBIOLOGY: Study of biological rhythms CHRYSOLOGY: Study of precious metals ciselure the art of chasing metal CLIMATOLOGY: Study of climate CLINOLOGY: Study of aging or individual decline after maturity CODICOLOGY: Study of manuscripts COLEOPTEROLOGY: Study of beetles and weevils COMETOLOGY: Study of comets CONCHOLOGY: Study of shells COPROLOGY: Study of pornography COSMETOLOGY: Study of cosmetics COSMOLOGY: Study of the universe CRANIOLOGY: Study of the skull CRIMINOLOGY: Study of crime; criminals CRYOBIOLOGY: Study of life under cold conditions CRYPTOLOGY: Study of codes CTETOLOGY: Study of the inheritance of acquired characteristics CYTOLOGY: Study of living cells DACTYLIOLOGY: Study of rings DACTYLOGRAPHY: the Study of fingerprints DACTYLOLOGY: Study of sign language DELTIOLOGY: the collection and Study of picture postcards DEMOLOGY: Study of human behaviour DEMONOLOGY: Study of demons DENDROCHRONOLOGY: Study of tree rings DENDROLOGY: Study of trees DEONTOLOGY: the theory or Study of moral obligation DERMATOGLYPHICS: the Study of skin patterns and fingerprints DERMATOLOGY: Study of skin DESMOLOGY: Study of ligaments DIABOLOGY: Study of devils DIAGRAPHICS: art of making diagrams or drawings DIALECTOLOGY: Study of dialects DIOPTRICS: Study of light refraction DIPLOMATICS: science of deciphering ancient writings and texts DIPLOMATOLOGY: Study of diplomats DOCIMOLOGY: the art of assaying DOSIOLOGY: the Study of doses DRAMATURGY: art of producing and staging dramatic works DYSGENICS: the Study of racial degeneration DYSTELEOLOGY: Study of purposeless organs ECCLESIOLOGY: Study of church affairs ECCRINOLOGY: Study of excretion ECOLOGY: Study of environment ECONOMICS: Study of material wealth EDAPHOLOGY: Study of soils EGYPTOLOGY: Study of ancient Egypt EKISTICS: Study of human settlement ELECTROCHEMISTRY: Study of relations between electricity and chemicals ELECTROLOGY: Study of electricity ELECTROSTATICS: Study of static electricity EMBRYOLOGY: Study of embryos EMETOLOGY: Study of vomiting EMMENOLOGY: the Study of menstruation ENDEMIOLOGY: Study of local diseases ENDOCRINOLOGY: Study of glands ENIGMATOLOGY: Study of enigmas ENTOMOLOGY: Study of insects ENTOZOOLOGY: Study of parasites that live inside larger organisms ENZYMOLOGY: Study of enzymes EPHEBIATRICS: branch of medicine dealing with adolescence EPIDEMIOLOGY: Study of diseases; epidemics EPISTEMOLOGY: Study of grounds of knowledge EREMOLOGY: Study of deserts ERGOLOGY: Study of effects of work on humans ERGONOMICS: Study of people at work ESCAPOLOGY: Study of freeing oneself from constraints ESCHATOLOGY: Study of death; final matters ETHNOGENY: Study of origins of races or ethnic groups ETHNOLOGY: Study of cultures ETHNOMETHODOLOGY: Study of everyday communication ETHNOMUSICOLOGY: Study of comparative musical systems ETHOLOGY: Study of natural or biological character ETHONOMICS: Study of economic and ethical principles of a society ETIOLOGY: the science of causes; especially of disease ETYMOLOGY: Study of origins of words EUTHENICS: science concerned with improving living conditions EXOBIOLOGY: Study of extraterrestrial life FLORISTRY: the art of cultivating and selling flowers FLUVIOLOGY: Study of watercourses FUTUROLOGY: Study of future GARBOLOGY: Study of garbage GASTROENTEROLOGY: Study of stomach; intestines GASTRONOMY: Study of fine dining GEMMOLOGY: Study of gems and jewels GENEALOGY: Study of descent of families GENESIOLOGY: Study of reproduction and heredity GENETHLIALOGY: the art of casting horoscopes GEOCHEMISTRY: Study of chemistry of the earth’s crust GEOCHRONOLOGY: Study of measuring geological time GEOGENY: science of the formation of the earth’s crust GEOGONY: Study of formation of the earth GEOGRAPHY: Study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants GEOLOGY: Study of earth’s crust GEOMORPHOGENY: Study of the origins of land forms GEOPONICS: Study of agriculture GEOTECHNICS: Study of increasing habitability of the earth GERATOLOGY: Study of decadence and decay GEROCOMY: Study of old age GERONTOLOGY: Study of the elderly; aging GIGANTOLOGY: Study of giants GLACIOLOGY: Study of ice ages and glaciation GLOSSOLOGY: Study of language; Study of the tongue GLYPTOGRAPHY: the art of engraving on gems GLYPTOLOGY: Study of gem engravings GNOMONICS: the art of measuring time using sundials GNOSIOLOGY: Study of knowledge GNOTOBIOLOGY: Study of life in germ-free conditions GRAMINOLOGY: Study of grasses GRAMMATOLOGY: Study of systems of writing GRAPHEMICS: Study of systems of representing speech in writing GRAPHOLOGY: Study of handwriting GROMATICS: science of surveying GYNAECOLOGY: Study of women’s physiology GYROSTATICS: the Study of rotating bodies HAGIOLOGY: Study of saints HALIEUTICS: Study of fishing HAMARTIOLOGY: Study of sin HARMONICS: Study of musical acoustics HEDONICS: part of ethics or psychology dealing with pleasure HELCOLOGY: Study of ulcers HELIOLOGY: science of the sun HELMINTHOLOGY: Study of worms HEMATOLOGY: Study of blood HEORTOLOGY: Study of religious feasts HEPATOLOGY: Study of liver HERALDRY: Study of coats of arms HERESIOLOGY: Study of heresies HERPETOLOGY: Study of reptiles and amphibians HIEROLOGY: science of sacred matters HIPPIATRICS: Study of diseases of horses HIPPOLOGY: the Study of horses HISTOLOGY: Study of the tissues of organisms HISTORIOGRAPHY: Study of writing history HISTORIOLOGY: Study of history HOMILETICS: the art of preaching HOPLOLOGY: the Study of weapons HOROGRAPHY: art of constructing sundials or clocks HOROLOGY: science of time measurement horticulture Study of gardening HYDROBIOLOGY: Study of aquatic organisms HYDRODYNAMICS: Study of movement in liquids HYDROGEOLOGY: Study of ground water HYDROGRAPHY: Study of investigating bodies of water HYDROKINETICS: Study of motion of fluids HYDROLOGY: Study of water resources HYDROMETEOROLOGY: Study of atmospheric moisture HYDROPATHY: Study of treating diseases with water HYETOLOGY: science of rainfal HYGIASTICS: science of health and hygien HYGIENICS: Study of sanitation; healt HYGIOLOGY: hygienics; Study of cleanlines HYGROLOGY: Study of humidit HYGROMETRY: science of humidit HYMNOGRAPHY: Study of writing hymn HYMNOLOGY: Study of hymn HYPNOLOGY: Study of sleep; Study of hypnosis HYPSOGRAPHY: science of measuring heights IAMATOLOGY: Study of remedies IATROMATHEMATICS: archaic practice of medicine in conjunction with astrology ICHNOGRAPHY: art of drawing ground plans ICHNOLOGY: science of fossilized footprints ICHTHYOLOGY: Study of fish ICONOGRAPHY: Study of drawing symbols ICONOLOGY: Study of icons; symbols IDEOGENY: Study of origins of ideas IDIOMOLOGY: Study of idiom, jargon or dialect IMMUNOGENETICS: Study of genetic characteristics of immunity IMMUNOLOGY: Study of immunity IMMUNOPATHOLOGY: Study of immunity to disease INSECTOLOGY: Study of insects IRENOLOGY: the Study of peace IRIDOLOGY: Study of iris KALOLOGY: Study of beauty KARYOLOGY: Study of cell nuclei KIDOLOGY: Study of kidding KINEMATICS: Study of motion KINESICS: Study of gestural communication KINESIOLOGY: Study of human movement and posture KINETICS: Study of forces producing or changing motion KONIOLOGY: Study of atmospheric pollutants and dust KTENOLOGY: science of putting people to death KYMATOLOGY: Study of wave motion LABEORPHILY: collection and Study of beer bottle labels LARITHMICS: Study of population statistics LARYNGOLOGY: Study of larynx LEPIDOPTEROLOGY: Study of butterflies and moths LEPROLOGY: Study of leprosy LEXICOLOGY: Study of words and their meanings LEXIGRAPHY: art of definition of words LICHENOLOGY: Study of lichens LIMACOLOGY: Study of slugs LIMNOBIOLOGY: Study of freshwater ecosystems LIMNOLOGY: Study of bodies of fresh water LINGUISTICS: Study of language LITHOLOGY: Study of rocks LITURGIOLOGY: Study of liturgical forms and church rituals LOIMOLOGY: Study of plagues and epidemics LOXODROMY: Study of sailing along rhumb-lines MAGIRICS: art of cookery magnanerie art of raising silkworms MAGNETICS: Study of magnetism MALACOLOGY: Study of molluscs MALARIOLOGY: Study of malaria MAMMALOGY: Study of mammals manège the art of horsemanship MARIOLOGY: Study of the Virgin Mary MARTYROLOGY: Study of martyrs MASTOLOGY: Study of mammals MATHEMATICS: Study of magnitude, number, and forms MECHANICS: Study of action of force on bodies MECONOLOGY: Study of or treatise concerning opium MELITTOLOGY: Study of bees MEREOLOGY: Study of part-whole relationships MESOLOGY: ecology METALLOGENY: Study of the origin and distribution of metal deposits METALLOGRAPHY: Study of the structure and constitution of metals METALLURGY: Study of alloying and treating metals METAPHYSICS: Study of principles of nature and thought METAPOLITICS: Study of politics in theory or abstract METAPSYCHOLOGY: Study of nature of the mind METEORITICS: the Study of meteors METEOROLOGY: Study of weather METRICS: Study of versification METROLOGY: science of weights and measures MICROANATOMY: Study of microscopic tissues MICROBIOLOGY: Study of microscopic organisms MICROCLIMATOLOGY: Study of local climates MICROLOGY: study or discussion of trivialities MICROPALAEONTOLOGY: Study of microscopic fossils MICROPHYTOLOGY: Study of very small plant life MINERALOGY: Study of minerals MOLINOLOGY: Study of mills and milling MOMILOGY: Study of mummies MORPHOLOGY: Study of forms and the development of structures MUSCOLOGY: the Study of mosses MUSEOLOGY: the Study of museums MUSICOLOGY: Study of music MYCOLOGY: Study of funguses MYOLOGY: Study of muscles MYRMECOLOGY: Study of ants MYTHOLOGY: Study of myths; fables; tales NAOLOGY: Study of church or temple architecture NASOLOGY: Study of the nose NAUTICS: art of navigation NEMATOLOGY: the Study of nematodes NEONATOLOGY: Study of newborn babies NEOSSOLOGY: Study of nestling birds NEPHOLOGY: Study of clouds NEPHROLOGY: Study of the kidneys NEUROBIOLOGY: Study of anatomy of the nervous system NEUROLOGY: Study of nervous system NEUROPSYCHOLOGY: Study of relation between brain and behaviour NEURYPNOLOGY: Study of hypnotism NIDOLOGY: Study of nests NOMOLOGY: the science of the laws; especially of the mind NOOLOGY: science of the intellect NOSOLOGY: Study of diseases NOSTOLOGY: Study of senility NOTAPHILY: collecting of bank-notes and cheques NUMEROLOGY: Study of numbers NUMISMATICS: Study of coins NYMPHOLOGY: Study of nymphs OBSTETRICS: Study of midwifery OCEANOGRAPHY: Study of oceans OCEANOLOGY: Study of oceans ODOLOGY: science of the hypothetical mystical force of od ODONTOLOGY: Study of teeth OENOLOGY: Study of wines OIKOLOGY: science of housekeeping OLFACTOLOGY: Study of the sense of smell OMBROLOGY: Study of rain ONCOLOGY: Study of tumours ONEIROLOGY: Study of dreams ONOMASIOLOGY: Study of nomenclature ONOMASTICS: Study of proper names ONTOLOGY: science of pure being; the nature of things OOLOGY: Study of eggs OPHIOLOGY: Study of snakes OPHTHALMOLOGY: Study of eye diseases OPTICS: Study of light OPTOLOGY: Study of sight OPTOMETRY: science of examining the eyes ORCHIDOLOGY: Study of orchids ORNITHOLOGY: Study of birds OROLOGY: Study of mountains ORTHOEPY: Study of correct pronunciation ORTHOGRAPHY: Study of spelling ORTHOPTEROLOGY: Study of cockroaches ORYCTOLOGY: mineralogy or paleontology OSMICS: scientific Study of smells OSMOLOGY: Study of smells and olfactory processes OSPHRESIOLOGY: Study of the sense of smell OSTEOLOGY: Study of bones OTOLOGY: Study of the ear OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY: Study of ear, nose and throat PAEDOLOGY: Study of children PAEDOTROPHY: art of rearing children PAIDONOSOLOGY: Study of children’s diseases; pediatrics PALAEOANTHROPOLOGY: Study of early humans PALAEOBIOLOGY: Study of fossil plants and animals PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY: Study of ancient climates PALAEOLIMNOLOGY: Study of ancient lakes PALAEOLIMNOLOGY: Study of ancient fish PALAEONTOLOGY: Study of fossils PALAEOPEDOLOGY: Study of early soils PALEOBOTANY: Study of ancient plants PALEO-OSTEOLOGY: Study of ancient bones PALYNOLOGY: Study of pollen PAPYROLOGY: Study of paper PARAPSYCHOLOGY: Study of unexplained mental phenomena PARASITOLOGY: Study of parasites PAROEMIOLOGY: Study of proverbs PARTHENOLOGY: Study of virgins PATAPHYSICS: the science of imaginary solutions PATHOLOGY: Study of disease PATROLOGY: Study of early Christianity PEDAGOGICS: Study of teaching PEDOLOGY: Study of soils PELOLOGY: Study of mud PENOLOGY: Study of crime and punishment PERIODONTICS: Study of gums PERISTEROPHILY: pigeon-collecting PESTOLOGY: science of pests PETROLOGY: Study of rocks PHARMACOGNOSY: Study of drugs of animal and plant origin PHARMACOLOGY: Study of drugs PHAROLOGY: Study of lighthouses PHARYNGOLOGY: Study of the throat PHENOLOGY: Study of organisms as affected by climate PHENOMENOLOGY: Study of phenomena PHILATELY: Study of postage stamps PHILEMATOLOGY: the act or Study of kissing PHILLUMENY: collecting of matchbox labels PHILOLOGY: Study of ancient texts; historical linguistics PHONIATRICS: study and correction of speech defects PHONOLOGY: Study of speech sounds PHOTOBIOLOGY: Study of effects of light on organisms PHRASEOLOGY: Study of phrases PHRENOLOGY: Study of bumps on the head PHYCOLOGY: Study of algae and seaweeds PHYSICS: Study of properties of matter and energy PHYSIOLOGY: Study of processes of life PHYTOLOGY: Study of plants; botany PISCATOLOGY: Study of fishes PISTEOLOGY: science or Study of faith PLANETOLOGY: Study of planets PLUTOLOGY: political economy; Study of wealth PNEUMATICS: Study of mechanics of gases PODIATRY: study and treatment of disorders of the foot; chiropody PODOLOGY: Study of the feet POLEMOLOGY: Study of war POMOLOGY: Study of fruit-growing POSOLOGY: science of quantity or dosage POTAMOLOGY: Study of rivers PRAXEOLOGY: Study of practical or efficient activity; science of efficien action PRIMATOLOGY: Study of primates PROCTOLOGY: Study of rectum PROSODY: Study of versification PROTISTOLOGY: Study of protists PROXEMICS: Study of man’s need for personal space PSALLIGRAPHY: the art of paper-cutting to make pictures PSEPHOLOGY: Study of election results and voting trends PSEUDOLOGY: art or science of lying PSEUDOPTICS: Study of optical illusions PSYCHOBIOLOGY: Study of biology of the mind PSYCHOGENETICS: Study of internal or mental states PSYCHOGNOSY: Study of mentality, personality or character PSYCHOLOGY: Study of mind PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: Study of mental illness PSYCHOPHYSICS: Study of link between mental and physical processes PTERIDOLOGY: Study of ferns PTERYLOLOGY: Study of distribution of feathers on birds PYRETOLOGY: Study of fevers PYRGOLOGY: Study of towers PYROBALLOGY: Study of artillery PYROGRAPHY: Study of woodburning QUINOLOGY: Study of quinine RACIOLOGY: Study of racial differences RADIOLOGY: Study of X-rays and their medical applications REFLEXOLOGY: Study of reflexes RHABDOLOGY: art of calculating using numbering rods RHEOLOGY: science of the deformation or flow of matter RHEUMATOLOGY: Study of rheumatism RHINOLOGY: Study of the nose RHOCHREMATICS: science of inventory management and the movement of products RUNOLOGY: Study of runes SARCOLOGY: Study of fleshy parts of the body SATANOLOGY: Study of devil SCATOLOGY: Study of excrement or obscene literature SCHEMATONICS: art of using gesture to express tones SCIAGRAPHY: art of shading SCRIPOPHILY: collection of bond and share certificates SEDIMENTOLOGY: Study of sediment SEISMOLOGY: Study of earthquakes SELENODESY: Study of the shape and features of the moon SELENOLOGY: Study of the moon SEMANTICS: Study of meaning SEMANTOLOGY: science of meanings of words SEMASIOLOGY: Study of meaning; semantics SEMIOLOGY: Study of signs and signals SEMIOTICS: Study of signs and symbols SEROLOGY: Study of serums SEXOLOGY: Study of sexual behaviour SIDEROGRAPHY: art of engraving on steel SIGILLOGRAPHY: Study of seals SIGNIFICS: science of meaning SILVICS: Study of tree’s life SINDONOLOGY: Study of the shroud of Turin SINOLOGY: Study of China SITOLOGY: dietetics SOCIOBIOLOGY: Study of biological basis of human behaviour SOCIOLOGY: Study of society SOMATOLOGY: science of the properties of matter SOPHIOLOGY: science of ideas SOTERIOLOGY: Study of theological salvation SPECTROLOGY: Study of ghosts SPELEOLOGY: study and exploration of caves SPERMOLOGY: Study of seeds SPHAGNOLOGY: Study of peat moss SPHRAGISTICS: Study of seals and signets SPHYGMOLOGY: Study of the pulse SPLANCHNOLOGY: Study of the entrails or viscera SPONGOLOGY: Study of sponges STASIOLOGY: Study of political parties STATICS: Study of bodies and forces in equilibrium STEMMATOLOGY: Study of relationships between texts STOICHIOLOGY: science of elements of animal tissues STOMATOLOGY: Study of the mouth STORIOLOGY: Study of folk tales STRATIGRAPHY: Study of geological layers or strata STRATOGRAPHY: art of leading an army STYLOMETRY: studying literature by means of statistical analysis SUICIDOLOGY: Study of suicide SYMBOLOGY: Study of symbols SYMPTOMATOLOGY: Study of symptoms of illness SYNECOLOGY: Study of ecological communities SYNECTICS: Study of processes of invention syntax Study of sentence structure SYPHILOLOGY: Study of syphilis SYSTEMATOLOGY: Study of systems TAXIDERMY: art of curing and stuffing animals TECTONICS: science of structure of objects, buildings and landforms TEGESTOLOGY: study and collecting of beer mats TELEOLOGY: Study of final causes; analysis in terms of purpose TELMATOLOGY: Study of swamps TERATOLOGY: Study of monsters, freaks, abnormal growths or malformations TEUTHOLOGY: Study of cephalopods TEXTOLOGY: Study of the production of texts THALASSOGRAPHY: science of the sea THANATOLOGY: Study of death and its customs THAUMATOLOGY: Study of miracles THEOLOGY: Study of religion; religious doctrine THERIATRICS: veterinary medicine THERIOGENOLOGY: Study of animals’ reproductive systems THERMODYNAMICS: Study of relation of heat to motion THERMOKINEMATICS: Study of motion of heat THERMOLOGY: Study of heat THEROLOGY: Study of wild mammals THREMMATOLOGY: science of breeding domestic animals and plants THREPSOLOGY: science of nutrition TIDOLOGY: Study of tides TIMBROLOGY: Study of postage stamps TOCOLOGY: obstetrics; midwifery TONETICS: Study of pronunciation TOPOLOGY: Study of places and their natural features TOPONYMICS: Study of place-names TOREUTICS: Study of artistic work in metal TOXICOLOGY: Study of poisons TOXOPHILY: love of archery; archery; Study of archery TRAUMATOLOGY: Study of wounds and their effects TRIBOLOGY: Study of friction and wear between surfaces TRICHOLOGY: Study of hair and its disorders TROPHOLOGY: Study of nutrition TSIGANOLOGY: Study of gypsies TURNERY: art of turning in a lathe TYPHLOLOGY: Study of blindness and the blind TYPOGRAPHY: art of printing or using type TYPOLOGY: Study of types of things UFOLOGY: Study of alien spacecraft URANOGRAPHY: descriptive astronomy and mapping URANOLOGY: Study of the heavens; astronomy URBANOLOGY: Study of cities URENOLOGY: Study of rust molds UROLOGY: Study of urine; urinary tract VENEREOLOGY: Study of venereal disease VERMEOLOGY: Study of worms VEXILLOLOGY: Study of flags VICTIMOLOGY: Study of victims VINOLOGY: scientific Study of vines and winemaking VIROLOGY: Study of viruses VITRICS: glassy materials; glassware; Study of glassware VULCANOLOGY: Study of volcanoes XYLOGRAPHY: art of engraving on wood XYLOLOGY: Study of wood ZENOGRAPHY: Study of the planet Jupiter ZOIATRICS: veterinary surgery ZOOGEOGRAPHY: Study of geographic distribution of animals ZOOLOGY: Study of animals ZOONOMY: animal physiolog ZOOPATHOLOGY: Study of animal diseases ZOOPHYSIOLOGY: Study of physiology of animals ZOOPHYTOLOGY: Study of plant-like animals ZOOTAXY: science of classifying animals ZOOTECHNICS: science of breeding animals ZYGOLOGY: science of joining and fastening ZYMOLOGY: science of fermentation ZYMURGY: branch of chemistry dealing with brewing and distilling
Solar Tower Power Plant and Green Technology
The Solar TowerTechnology also known as solar updraft tower is a proposed type of renewable-energy power plant. Air is heated in a very large circular greenhouse-like structure, and the resulting convection causes the air to rise and escape through a tall tower. The moving air drives turbines, which produce electricity. A research prototype operated in Spain in the 1980s.
Solar Tower of Power Finds Home
The quest for a new form of green energy has taken a significant step with the purchase of a 25,000-acre sheep farm in the Australian outback. The huge alternative energy project isn’t driven by manure, but by a 1-kilometer-high thermal power station called the Solar Tower.
Schematic presentation of a Solar updraft tower is shown in the figure.
Description: Solar Tower Power Plant
The generating ability of a solar updraft power plant depends primarily on two factors: the size of the collector area and chimney height. With a larger collector area, more volume of air is warmed up to flow up the chimney; collector areas as large as 7 km in diameter have been considered. With a larger chimney height, the pressure difference increases the stack effect; chimneys as tall as 1000 m have been considered. Further, a combined increase of the collector area and the chimney height leads to massively larger productivity of the power plant.
Heat can be stored inside the collector area greenhouse, to be used to warm the air later on. Water, with its relatively high specific heat capacity, can be filled in tubes placed under the collector increasing the energy storage as needed.[3]
Turbines can be installed in a ring around the base of the tower, with a horizontal axis, as planned for the Australian project and seen in the diagram above; or—as in the prototype in Spain—a single vertical axis turbine can be installed inside the chimney.
Carbon dioxide is emitted only negligibly while operating, but is emitted more significantly during manufacture of its construction materials, particularly cement. Net energy payback is estimated to be 2-3 years.[3]
A solar updraft tower power station would consume a significant area of land if it were designed to generate as much electricity as is produced by modern power stations using conventional technology. Construction would be most likely in hot areas with large amounts of very low-value land, such as deserts, or otherwise degraded land.
A small-scale solar updraft tower may be an attractive option for remote regions in developing countries.[3] The relatively low-tech approach could allow local resources and labour to be used for its construction and maintenance.
Announced several years ago, the 3,280-foot Solar Tower is one of the most ambitious alternative energy projects on the planet: a renewable energy plant that pumps out the same power as a small reactor but is totally safe. If built, it will be nearly double the height of the world’s tallest structure, the CN Tower in Canada.
The Solar Tower is hollow in the middle like a chimney. At its base is a solar collector — a 25,000-acre, transparent circular skirt. The air under the collector is heated by the sun and funneled up the chimney by convection — hot air rises. As it rises, the air accelerates to 35 mph, driving 32 wind turbines inside the tower, which generate electricity much like conventional wind farms.
But the Solar Tower has a major advantage over wind farms and solar generators: It can operate with no wind, and 24 hours a day. Thanks to banks of solar cells, the tower stores heat during the day, allowing it to produce electricity continuously.
Originally slated to be operational this year, construction of the massive project won’t begin until 2006 at the earliest, said Roger Davey, chairman of EnviroMission Limited, the Melbourne, Australia, company behind the venture.
But the purchase of the farm, which cost $1 million, near Mildura, Victoria, is a “very big step” in getting the project built, Davey said.
So far, the main impediment to building the tower has been the cost, with estimates ranging from $500 million to $750 million. Davey won’t say how much the project will ultimately cost but said the company is considering two new engineering innovations that will reduce construction costs and improve efficiency.
“It will make the project a totally different business case,” Davey said.
The timing couldn’t be better. With the price of oil topping $50 a barrel, many countries are looking for cheap energy and to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
“The time is now here,” Davey said. “The world is looking for a major renewable energy source.”
It’s estimated the Solar Tower will generate 200 megawatts, enough electricity to power 200,000 homes, and will keep 830,000 tons of greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere annually.
“Solar chimneys (towers) have become a hot area of research recently,” said S.A. Sherif, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of Florida, who wrote several papers on the technology in the early 1990s and is the technical editor of the Solar Energy journal.
by Stephen Leahy
Who is EnviroMission?
What is Solar Tower Technology?
What will a Solar Tower power station look like?
What materials will be used?
How many hours in a day will it generate electricity?
Where will the world’s first Solar Tower power station be built?
What factors are critical to site determination?
Can it be built?
Why hasn’t Solar Tower technology been developed before now?
Will power from Solar Towers be competitive?
Who is EnviroMission?
Melbourne based EnviroMission is a newly formed green energy public company that listed on the ASX on 6 August 2001. The company owns an exclusive licence to innovative Solar Tower technology. We aim to commercialise the first 200MW Solar Tower power station in Australia by before 2008.
What is Solar Tower Technology?
Solar Tower technology is not simply solar energy. Solar Tower technology is created when the sun’s radiation is used to heat a large body of air, which is then forced by the laws of physics (hot air rises) to move as a hot wind through large turbines to generate electricity. A solar thermal power station using Solar Tower technology will create the conditions to cause hot wind to flow continuously through its turbines to generate electricity.
What will a Solar Tower power station look like?
The power station will be based on German designed Solar Tower technology. It will look like an enormous greenhouse canopy with a very tall hollow ventilation Tower located at its centre.
The sun’s radiation will be collected and trapped under the transparent canopy, creating a massive force of air heated to around 35°C greater than the ambient temperature. The laws of physics will make this air move at 15 metres per second towards the cold air at the top of the Tower located in centre of the canopy. The powerful updraft will force the rising air to pass through large turbines positioned at the base of the Tower. The movement of the hot wind through the turbines will generate up to 200MW of clean, emission free electricity – enough electricity for 200,000 typical Australian homes.
What materials will be used?
A Solar Tower has three major components: the collector zone (greenhouse), Solar Tower (chimney) and turbines.
The large roof of the collector zone will be covered translucent heat enhancing properties materials including glass, polycarbonate and polymer. The Tower will be constructed from reinforced high strength concrete. The large-scale turbines will be purpose designed and constructed from lightweight alloy materials like those used in aircraft manufacture.
How many hours in a day will it generate electricity?
EnviroMission’s Solar Tower is proposed to generate electricity 24-hours a day. The power station will be at its most efficient on the hottest days when energy is most needed and peak prices are paid for electricity.
Re-radiation of heat present in the ground under the collector zone will provide the energy source during the night. This special feature enhances the commercial viability of the power station and gives EnviroMission a consistent competitive advantage over other forms of renewable energy generation.
Where will the world’s first power station be built?
After an extensive search, EnviroMission has selected the site for the world’s first Solar Tower power station in the Buronga district of the Wentworth Shire in NSW and 25km north east of Mildura in Victoria. The proposed site confirms EnviroMission’s commitment to the Sunraysia Region of NSW and Victoria.
The project will need to meet the necessary planning approval codes, regulations and legislation of the Commonwealth, State and Local Government.
What factors are critical to site determination?
EnviroMission evaluated site suitability against the following criteria:
* Commerciality
* Access to Regional Infrastructure
* Solar radiation levels
* Weather patterns
* Geological stability
* Access to the electricity grid and transmission centres
* Geographic features
* Current land use and access to change of land use
* Environmental factors
* Federal Government support
* State Government support
* Local Government/regional support
Can it be built?
Prior to listing on the Australian Stock Exchange a technical review report prepared by Sinclair Knight Merz, one of Australia’s leading engineering specialists, independently assessed the Solar Tower’s design concepts and construction methods were well proven and it could be built in Australia.
A 50kW prototype Solar Tower plant was constructed and successfully operated in Manzanares, Spain, with involvement of the designer Professor Jörg Schlaich, and the Spanish Government in 1982. The prototype operated for seven years and conclusively proved the concept works. Data obtained from the prototype provided the basis for a scaled up 200MW generation plant.
Why hasn’t Solar Tower technology been developed before now?
Formerly referred to as Solar Chimney technology in academic literature - it is now marketed without the reference to chimney (to avoid confusion with the pollution associated with chimneys - this technology is emission free) - the Solar Tower has had in excess of A$35 million and twenty years of research and development invested in it. Now, more than ever before, the time is ideal to apply this technology.
For more than 100 years it has been relatively cheap, environmentally unaccountable and simple to dig up coal as a fuel source to produce electricity.
Enormous shifts in community values and understanding about the relationship between energy generation and its impact on the environment have evolved around the world. Combined with growing concerns about the relationship between energy generation with global warming and air quality a demand has evolved for alternative methods of electricity generation increasingly over the last 20 years.
Community concern about Australia’s over reliance on coal-based ‘black’ and ‘brown’ energy and the negative impact on the environment has helped to drive political change. There is now a legislated market for clean, green renewable energy, legislated as a Mandated Renewable Energy Target (9500 gWh annual renewable energy target by 2010) has opened the way for investment in new approaches to renewable energy generation. This recent incentive is important to the growth of renewable energy development including Solar Tower technology.
A further political incentive in the form of the Renewable Energy Credit (REC) developed by the Federal Government in 2001 has been developed to encourage new investment in renewable energy development, with the purpose of reducing greenhouse gases and increasing the amount of renewable energy output.
New materials, construction methods and government policy are now available to the extent that there is environmental, social and commercial advantage in the development of Solar Tower technology.
Will power from Solar Towers be competitive?
The selling price of Solar Tower renewable energy will be based on the average peak pool electricity price paid to generators plus an additional renewable energy credit incentive paid by retailers.
Further value is expected to be added to the internal rate of return through the emerging synthetic carbon trading instrument, where a premium is paid for a tradeable unit that represents a carbon abatement value - this form of trading will off-set carbon producing activity of companies needing to balance their carbon ledgers.
References
1. http://www.wired.com
2. http://www.enviromission.com.au/
3. wikipedia - Solar Tower
4. Youtube video service
